“Others, I doubt not, will mold lifelike bronze more delicately,
and draw living features from marble;
others will plead causes better, and trace with their pointer
the movements of heaven, and tell the rising of the stars:
you, Roman, remember to rule the peoples with your power
(these will be your arts), to impose the habit of peace,
to spare the humbled, and to war down the proud.” The Aeneid: Book 6, lines 847–853
Although small, this passage holds numerous ideas to discover. Taking place in the underworld, Anchises–Aeneas’ deceased father–speaks to his son about ruling a kingdom. Often regarded as pious and wise, Anchises extends sage words to his wandering child. Some may argue these words hold no weight beyond the text, as it is but a fictional event in a fantastical myth. And though the story itself is not reality, there are truly numerous lessons which were written into it by Virgil. Through Anchises, Virgil proclaims that the roles of rulers are to be peacemakers, merciful, and just.
Firstly, Virgil states that one primary role of rulers is to be peacemakers. “You, Roman, remember to… impose the habit of peace.” As the king, it is Aeneas’ duty to enact a state of order and harmony among the people. Further, notice it is not a stagnant peace, but an active one. The key word in Anchises words is “habit.” Peace is to be a daily goal citizens and individuals strive for, which truly can be applied to modern day. In an era where political violence is often celebrated, we must turn to and be reminded of the simple idea Anchises portrays. It is not only the ruler who must enact a habit of peace, but the citizens who must follow that habit. By extension, if the ruler is to be the peacemaker, we must, as individuals, allow peace to find a resting ground.
Some of the most heartfelt advice comes from a father to son, or mother to daughter. There are few bonds which compare to the familial ties which hold so close. A good father does not knowingly give bad advice to the son they love, and therefore we must assume these words at least hold some merit. A key part of ruling is enacting peace, but one must remember that it is not solely on the authority to ensure that peace and lawfulness, but more importantly on the individuals in society.
Secondly Virgil praises the merciful ruler. A truly good ruler is not one who oppresses their subjects, but one who identifies with them and looks out for them. Anchises begins the paragraph by saying Aeneas may not be the smartest with books, or craftiest with tools, but he ends by reminding Aeneas to “rule the peoples with your power.” The truth spoken here is that even a less skilled ruler has the ability to enact mercy and grace upon their subjects. Just as in the Biblical parable where the king forgave his ungrateful servant’s debt, rulers must have compassion and forgiveness as one of their primary virtues. This is not to say the ruler is too lenient, letting murderers and criminals of the worst description terrorize their towns, but that the ruler forgives those who humble themselves. The phrasing used by Anchises is “to spare the humbled.” This gives an image of a regretful individual, one who understands their mistakes and wishes just for a second chance to make amends.
Just as we all have sinned in our life, we all must be minded to deal out mercy and grace. For being unwilling to forgive another is a statement that one does not require forgiveness themselves. Everyone knows this is an impossibility. Rulers are to be merciful, but further, so much more must the citizens and individuals.
Finally, Virgil proclaims the goal of fighting against the tyrannical. Those who are boastful and domineering are–as Madison and Hamilton wrote in the Federalist papers–a faction, and against the common good. “War down the proud” indicates a beating down of those who beat down others. A ruler cannot so easily be a peacemaker and giver of mercy with so contrary individuals marring society. Therefore, Virgil urges a good ruler to sternly fight against those intrusions contrary to the common good. A ruler’s primary goal is the security of their citizens, and if one does not have the acumen or willpower to fight against the bad, as well as to make peace with the good, they do not have the right to become a ruler in the first place.
A ruler must be just, for without adhering to an objective standard of good and evil, society will surely fall apart. Similarly, just as the ruler must fight oppression, so must all society. The ruler’s responsibility is their citizens' welfare, but the people must also make efforts to protect themselves.
In conclusion, Virgil proclaims that the roles of rulers are to be peacemakers, merciful, and just. This advice does not stop in the Aeneid, however, and can (and should) be taken to heart by all. If everyone laid aside our egocentricity for even a minute, and helped a neighbor, friend, or enemy, how much better this world would be. Although we may not all have the ability to map the stars or fashion fine items with our hands, we all do have the power–and duty– to be just and merciful individuals, no matter where we may be.