Selected Paragraph
Plato, The Republic, Book VII (trans. Benjamin Jowett)
“And now look again, and see what will naturally follow if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision–what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them,–will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him?”
Essay
In Book VII of The Republic, Plato introduces the Allegory of the Cave, and in this paragraph, he illustrates prisoners being forced to see “the realities” instead of the shadows that have clouded their minds. This Allegory is often interpreted as the transition from ignorance to knowledge, but its meaning is far deeper. It uncovers that human nature is built to resist discomfort and change. The prisoners do not experience liberation when they are faced with reality, but with “distress, and sharp pains” that will cause them to be resistant and non-conforming to reality. They would rather cling to the shadows as “truer” than reality, because that is what they are comfortable with, and so they refuse to change. Plato asserts that ignorance is caused by the soul’s attachment to familiarity over reality, making internal resistance to truth the root of ignorance.
Plato illustrates the prisoner’s distress to demonstrate their attachment to familiarity. First, the prisoners are “compelled suddenly to stand up,” showing that they were comfortable living in illusion, and they had to be forced to see reality. Unfortunately, when they are confronted with reality, they experience “sharp pains” because their belief system that was rooted in the shadows, being reality, has been crushed, and it is uncomfortable for them to admit that they were wrong. Through the prisoners' discomfort, Plato reveals that human nature causes people to want to surround themselves with others who have similar worldviews, so that a person’s beliefs can be confirmed, rather than challenged. This allegory demonstrates that it is painful for the heart and soul to change. Therefore, to resist that discomfort, people would rather shun the evidence and knowledge that reveal reality, and surround themselves with others who will confirm their illusion, than to depart from familiarity and explore reality.
This excerpt also reveals that truth is objective, and the reason for ignorance is due to internal resistance to objective truth. If truth were subjective, then there would be nowhere for the prisoners to go outside of the cave, and they would not have to be forced to see reality, because what they saw in the cave would be the full truth. However, by showing that the prisoners are living in an illusion, Plato admits that truth is objective, because truth lies outside of the prisoners’ beliefs about the cave they have been living in. As Plato suggests, it is known that objective truth exists. For example, the study of mathematics shows that objective truth exists because no matter how a person looks at it, two plus two will always equal four. Therefore, it is no longer a question of whether objective truth exists, but whether a person will dare to see it. On this basis, the allegory shows that the reason for ignorance is the resistance of the human heart to being challenged and changed. If a lack of knowledge was the reason for ignorance, the prisoners would be joyful to gain access to the reality outside of the cave, and be glad that they could experience the truth. However, they were resistant to the world outside the cave, and wanted to settle in their subjective reality that the shadows were the truth, because their souls resisted discomfort. Therefore, the reason for ignorance is that the soul avoids change, not a lack of knowledge.
Although written thousands of years ago, Plato’s allegory remains a timeless exemplification of human nature today. Similar to how the prisoners’ desire to remain attached to the familiarity of the cave, people today resist truths that challenge their beliefs, so that they can rest in familiarity even though there is a wealth of knowledge. The pain of having to change one’s perspective causes people to retreat into narratives and groups that confirm their beliefs. For example, people are able to curate the content they see on social media by listening to podcasters and using news outlets that uplift their beliefs. People often disregard evidence that challenges their beliefs, and instead look for information that confirms their beliefs, even if contrary evidence is stronger. Despite the vast amount of information available today, many people are still unwilling to face the truth. This shows that ignorance is caused by a resistance of the human heart to change, and not because of a lack of knowledge.
In conclusion, this excerpt from The Republic projects a call for action. A call to be a searcher of objective truth, a truth that remains firm despite the twists and turns of cultural pressures. It reveals humans’ weakness of wanting to be comfortable no matter the cost, instead of choosing discomfort to grow. This excerpt demands that people endeavor to open their hearts and minds to objective truth by realizing that their deep-held beliefs might be wrong, and by leaving the familiar for the unfamiliar. It is a call that must be pursued daily with vigor and intention. In this search, one must also examine where the objective truth comes from and whether the objective truth-giver should be trusted. To find truth, one must leave familiarity behind and let one's heart be challenged, because in the end, to know and understand the objective truth is to be set free.