Microplastics (MPs) are an increasing issue in our environment today and pose many potential health risks. Akhbarizadeh et al. (2019), affiliated with Shiraz University, define MPs as “small pieces of plastics with size ranging from 100 nm to 5 mm” (p. 1696). 359 million tons of plastics were manufactured in 2018 and there was an increase in plastic production of 29% between 2011 and 2018. MPs are infiltrating every part of our daily life with no signs of stopping, which proves to be extremely concerning due to the unknown health risks they pose to humans (Kapp & Miller, 2020, p. 1). Despite current efforts to keep MPs at bay, they are still rapidly increasing with no signs of stopping. It is crucial to implement different ways to try to reduce the amount of MPs in our day-to-day lives. A solution to reducing MPs from tap water with no additional filtration does not currently exist.
One way we can develop this solution and reduce the amount of microplastics in the environment is to develop a filtering system to remove MPs out of household wastewater and impact the average predicted percent of MP in drinking water. Currently, MPs are found to pass through wastewater treatment plants that do not have the filtration technology implemented to stop them (Toussaint et al., 2019, p. 640). This is why it is of utmost importance to develop a device to at least reduce the amount of MPs that are present in water that humans drink. People are concerned about potential health risks that MPs pose to humans as well as the environment (Coffin et al., 2021, p. 1). A filtering device should be created and installed into households to filter MPs out of wastewater and reduce human exposure to protect human health and ease concerns.
Since humans are regularly exposed to MPs, there is importance in looking into how exactly MPs are impacting human health. MPs have been found to be carriers of toxic chemicals and other microorganisms that cause tissue damage (Toussaint et al., 2019, p. 640). Researchers at the University of California reported that mice consuming MP polymethyl methacrylate were found to have damaged DNA that malformed their cellular structure (Browne et al., 2015, p. 3). MP exposure in mice also caused altered blood biomarkers, inflammatory responses, energy deficiency, lipid metabolism disruptions, oxidative stress, and decreased liver weight (Deng et al., 2017, p. 1&8). Normal functions that should be occurring in the body were hindered because of MP consumption in animals studied. Since these malformed functions occurred in mice, it is plausible to believe that these same negative effects can happen through human exposure to MPs.
Another major disruption observed through the ingestion of environmentally realistic concentrations of MPs in studied animals was to the endocrine system. The endocrine system is crucial in hormonally regulating reproduction, development, and immune health in organisms, so its dysfunction is detrimental. MP exposure has proven to disrupt the endocrine system, causing downregulation of genes, less feeding activity, slow growth, oxidative stress, different metabolic disorders, abnormal cell growth, reproductive failure, developmental issues (Deng et al., 2017, p. 1; Rochman et al., 2014). Researchers from Shiraz University found that absorbing pollutants carried by MPs (compounds including bisphenol-A, ethylene, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and phthalates) could cause humans to experience the same endocrine disruption symptoms and toxic effects seen in mice exposed to MPs (Akhbarizadeh et al., 2019, p. 1704). Researchers from the University of California found that birds who ingest a larger volume of MPs were found to have plastic accumulation in tissues and endocrine system disruptions that caused inflammation, necrosis, a decrease in weight, a suppress in immunity, a stunt in growth, and premature death (Browne et al., 2015). These examples of endocrine disruption caused by MP exposure calls for the creation of a device to reduce the level of MP exposure to humans.
Currently I am writing a research paper about microplastics and their harmful effects on human health and developing a MP filter prototype to reduce exposure to humans and improve public health. This is an issue that must be addressed to look out for the future health of the world.